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- THE GULF WAR, Page 43Blacks: Too Much of the Burden?
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- Simple arithmetic, if nothing else, gives African Americans
- a special stake in Operation Desert Storm: they make up 12% of
- the U.S. population, but represent nearly 25% of the fighting
- forces in the Persian Gulf. When the air war finally shifts to
- a grinding ground confrontation, therefore, they are likely to
- spill a disproportionate amount of blood onto the desert sands.
- That has only fueled uneasiness among those blacks who feel
- that their friends and loved ones are being asked to do more
- than their fair share of dying for a nation that gives them
- less than their share of economic and social opportunities.
- According to last week's TIME/CNN poll taken by Yankelovich
- Clancy Shulman, 49% of all blacks supported involvement in the
- war, compared with 77% of whites.
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- Pentagon officials deny that the military is exploiting
- blacks and insist that the disproportionate numbers are the
- random result of America's decision in 1973 to replace the
- draft with an all-volunteer force. They also point to the
- example of Joint Chiefs Chairman Colin Powell, whose rise to
- the top ranks of the U.S. military stands as a striking
- illustration of the career opportunities that have long
- attracted African Americans into the armed forces. Nor is Powell
- alone at the top: 26 of the Army's 407 generals are black.
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- While they take pride in the accomplishments of soldiers
- like Powell, many black activists are openly voicing their
- opposition to Desert Storm. "It is not anybody's war to fight,
- but most definitely it's not African America's war to fight,"
- says Representative Maxine Waters of California, who warns
- black soldiers that they may return to a country where the
- President is unwilling to "take some affirmative steps to make
- sure you have a job or an education." Waters joined the
- majority of black Democrats in Congress in voting against the
- Jan. 12 resolution authorizing the use of force against Iraq.
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- Blacks leading the antiwar effort argue that the armed
- services have benefited from an inadvertent "poverty draft."
- Says Damu Smith, of the National African-American Network
- Against U.S. Intervention in the Gulf: "Young African Americans
- have been compelled to go into the military because of the lack
- of opportunity in the civilian sector." Moreover, says civil
- rights activist Mary Frances Berry, blacks keenly sense the
- irony of being asked to defend freedom in Kuwait by the same
- President who vetoed the 1990 civil rights bill.
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- African-American ambivalence about military service dates
- back to the Revolutionary War, when blacks enthusiastically
- fought for independence in the hope that their patriotic fervor
- would prove them worthy of freedom and citizenship. In this
- century, while blacks were generally supportive of both world
- wars, their discontent erupted publicly during Vietnam, when
- Martin Luther King Jr. and others opposed an unfair draft that
- conscripted the disadvantaged while allowing many sons of the
- middle class to escape military service. Those divided
- loyalties continue to tug at blacks today and will add to the
- burden of unfinished business awaiting the homecoming soldiers.
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- By Julie Johnson/ Washington.
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- ____________________________________________________________ Do
- you think the U.S. was right to have become involved in this
- conflict with Iraq?
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- Right Wrong
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- Whites 77% 16%
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- Blacks 49% 39%
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- Do you have a family member who is in the military forces
- stationed in the Middle East?
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- Blacks Whites
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- Yes 43% 18%
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- [From a telephone poll of 1,000 American adults taken for
- TIME/CNN on Jan. 24 by Yankelovich Clancy Shulman. Sampling
- error is plus or minus 3%. "Not sures" omitted.
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- An additional sampling of blacks was taken to bring the
- total to 200.]
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